12.1 The Design and Evolution of the Presidency = - originally not defined as a single person - alexander hamilton's idea is almost exactly what we have today minus the serve for life thing - through delegation - came to conclusion on several facets of the presidency - twelfth amendment- couples presidential candidate with the running mate on the same ticket - vice presidency was left largely undefined - twenty second amendment - limits the president to 2 four year terms - impeachment- the act of charging a government official with serious wrongdoing - cabinet- group of advisors - executive privilege- the right to withhold information from Congress, the judiciary, or the public - executive orders - rules that bypass congress but act like laws if not overturned - executive agreements- to formalize international relations, but without having to make a treaty 12.2 The Presidential Election Process = - caucus system - conference/gathering of people, the system is a meeting at which local members of a political party register their preference among candidates running for office or select delegates to attend a convention. - primary system- elections that political parties use to select candidates for a general election ![[Screenshot 2024-10-08 at 2.20.03 PM.png]] 12.3 Organizing to Govern = - immediately- transfer of power, calling new judges and cabinet members - congress has to approve cabinet appointments, but it rarely denies them malign neglect- the senate refusing to hold hearings 12.4 The Public Presidency = power of patronage - appointing people who are loyal and help them out politically bully pulpit - the presidency as a platform to push an agenda to the public going public - the president delivering a major television address in hopes of the people going to their reps and senators to support the president's ideas 12.5 Presidential Governance: Direct Presidential Action = tenure of office act (1867)- required Senate concurrence to remove presidential nominees who took office upon Senate confirmation pardons have no conditions line item veto- a veto that keeps the majority of a spending bill the same but nullifies certain lines of it signing statements- issues by the president when they agree to legislation to indicate how the president will interpret and enforce the legislation divided government - when one party controls the presidency while the other controls one or both chambers of congress rally around the flag effect- presidential popularity spike during International crisis