11.1 = **The Great Compromise and the Basics of Bicameralism** bicameralism - division of legislature into two separate assemblies virginia plan- bicameral senate and house were created different in hopes to encourage different types of representation **Senate Representation and House Apportionment** apportionment - the way of dividing up the number of seats in the house gerrymandering - manipulation of of legislative district boundaries as a way of favoring a certain candidate **Congressional Powers** *enumerated power* - one specifically stated in the constitution - checks on other branches of government - impeachment - nominations and treaties - final say - starting legislation - taxes *implied power* - one not specifically in the constitution, but inferred as necessary to achieve the goals of the national government - laws to manage banks, establish minimum wage, interstate work - necessary and proper clause *inherent power* - must be assumed to exist as a direct result of the existence of the country - controlling borders - power to defend against internal conflict - power to expand the territory of the state twentieth century modern tussle between congress and the president began why? 1- larger country and more complex 2- president powers as commander in chief in foreign policy - through great depression, ww2, and the cold war, presidential authority grew 11.2 Congressional Elections = **Understanding the House and the Senate** House - can be highly partisan, has a more structured leadership Senate - allows individual people to slow or stop legislation, must represent a higher percentage of people **Congressional Campaign Funding** laws - illegal to solicit donations form civil service workers, illegal to collect from corporations, and required candidates to report their fundraising soft money vs. hard money time period where there were restrictions on soft money coming into campaigns Incumbency effects- the difficulty of unseating a seat holder already in the seat  Incumbents - elected officials who currently hold an office 11.3 Congressional representation  = Delegate v. Trustee model of representation  Collective representation - describes the relationship between Congress and the United States as a whole. descriptive representation- representation rooted in the identity of the representative 11.4 House and Senate Organizations = Speaker of the House is the only leadership specifically mentioned in the constitution - assign bills to committees - rules on House procedures - appoints members and chairs to committees - presides over joint Senate House meeting party conference (or caucus) house - majority rule almost all the time whips - the second in command to the party leader, almost an enforcer duties held by the speaker of the house fall to the majority leader in the senate standing/permanent committees - the core committees, doesn't change joint committee - combination of people from the senate and the house conference committee - put together based on need, when bills pass in the house and senate in two different forms ad hoc, special, select committees - put together temporarily 11.5 The Legislative Process = Classic Process: - drafted - majority leadership sends it to a committee - hold a hearing - markup stage - amending and voting - advance - goes to the other chamber OR denied - tabled, bill is dead, but still can be brought back up - in senate - put on calendar to be debated - in house - goes through house committee on rules, to get debate rules Filibuster - when someone in a legislative body prolongs debate to delay a passing of a bill of a decision ![[Screenshot 2024-09-30 at 2.21.45 PM.png]] Modern Legislation: budget refroms of the 1970s have led to less of this classic legislative process omnibus bill - large bill made up with smaller bills over the same topic modern filibuster - where a senator will request a cloture before a bill can get any vote - increases the number of votes needed for a bill to advance